The updated US guidelines for high blood pressure (HBP) emphasize that HBP is the most common and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases—including coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, dementia, chronic kidney disease, and all-cause mortality—with a treatment goal of <130/80 mm Hg for most adults, while allowing for individual considerations in patients with limited life expectancy, institutional care needs, or pregnancy. Blood pressure is classified as normal (<120/80 mm Hg), elevated (120–129/<80 mm Hg), stage 1 HBP (130–139/80–89 mm Hg), and stage 2 HBP (≥140/90 mm Hg). Lifestyle changes, including healthy weight management, a DASH-style diet, reduced sodium and alcohol intake, increased potassium and physical activity, and stress management, are strongly recommended for all adults. Medication therapy should be initiated at ≥140/90 mm Hg, or at ≥130/80 mm Hg for patients with cardiovascular disease, prior stroke, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or a 10-year cardiovascular risk ≥7.5% (as defined by PREVENT™), while lower-risk individuals may begin therapy if lifestyle measures alone fail (average blood pressure remains ≥130/80 mm Hg) after 3–6 months. For stage 2 HBP, starting treatment with two first-line agents in a single-pill combination is preferred. Effective management requires multidisciplinary, team-based care to address barriers, ensure access to medications, and support adherence, as well as community-level screening and prevention strategies. Home blood pressure monitoring, guided by standardized protocols and supported by regular interaction with care teams, is recommended, though cuffless devices such as smartwatches should not yet be relied upon. Severe HBP (>180/120 mm Hg) without acute organ damage should be promptly managed in the outpatient setting with timely oral medication adjustments. Source: https://www.jacc.org/
