A UK prospective cohort study suggested that decaffeinated, ground, and instant coffee, particularly at 2–3 cups/day, were consistently associated with significant reductions in incident cardiovascular disease (CVD, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, and ischemic stroke, etc.) and mortality. Ground and instant but not decaffeinated coffee was also associated with reduced arrhythmia (such as atrial fibrillation/flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, etc.). The study included 449 563 participants (median 58 years, 55.3% females) and followed over 12.5 years. Ground and instant coffee consumption was associated with a significant reduction in arrhythmia at 1–5 cups/day but not for decaffeinated coffee, with the lowest risk of 2–3 cups/day for instant coffee (hazard ratio [HR] 0.88) and 4–5 cups/day for ground coffee (HR 0.83). All types of coffee were associated with a reduction in incident CVD vs. non-drinkers with the lowest risk of 2–3 cups/day. All-cause mortality was significantly reduced for all types of coffee, with the greatest risk reduction of 2–3 cups/day with HR of 0.86, 0.73 and 0.89 for decaffeinated, ground, and instant coffee, respectively. The findings of health benefits of habitual mild–moderate coffee drinking are in concert with previous studies. Coffee contains hundreds of biologically active components. However, there is considerable individual variation in the effects and tolerability of coffee. Source: https://academic.oup.com/
